pkg://xemacs-common-21.4.15-10.EL.1.i386.rpm:3503121/
usr/
share/
xemacs-21.4.15/
etc/ORDERS
info downloads
Note: this file describes how you order software from the Free Software
Foundation directly. Information on getting XEmacs can be found in
the file DISTRIB.
The actual order form follows the descriptions of media contents.
Most of this file is excerpted from the January 1996 GNU's Bulletin.
Please send suggestions for improvements to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu or the postal
address at the end of the order form. Thank You.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
FSF Order Form with Descriptions January, 1996
Free Software Foundation, Inc. Telephone: +1-617-542-5942
59 Temple Place - Suite 330 Fax: (including Japan) +1-617-542-2652
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Electronic mail: `gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
There are some sections (e.g. ``Forthcoming GNUs'' and ``How to Get GNU
Software'') which are not in this Order Form file. If you wish to see them,
ask gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu for the complete June, 1995 GNU's Bulletin.
Table of Contents
-----------------
Donations Translate Into Free Software
Cygnus Matches Donations!
Free Software Redistributors Donate
Help from Free Software Companies
Major Changes in GNU Software and Documentation
The Deluxe Distribution
GNU Documentation
GNU Software
Program/Package Cross Reference
Tapes
Languages Tape
Lisps and Emacs Tape
Utilities Tape
Scheme Tape
X11 Tapes
Berkeley 4.4BSD-Lite Tape
VMS Emacs and VMS Compiler Tapes
CD-ROMs
Pricing of the GNU CD-ROMs
December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM
December 1994 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM
December 1993 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM
Source Code CD-ROMs
December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs
June 1995 Source Code CD-ROM
May 1994 Source Code CD-ROM
November 1993 Source Code CD-ROM
MS-DOS Book with CD-ROM
Debian GNU/Linux Book with CD-ROM
MS-DOS Diskettes
DJGPP Diskettes
Emacs Diskettes
Selected Utilities Diskettes
Windows Diskette
Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service
FSF T-shirt
Free Software Foundation Order Form
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Donations Translate Into Free Software
**************************************
If you appreciate Emacs, GNU CC, Ghostscript, and other free software, you
may wish to help us make sure there is more in the future--remember,
*donations translate into more free software!*
Your donation to us is tax-deductible in the United States. We gladly accept
*any* currency, although the U.S. dollar is the most convenient.
If your employer has a matching gifts program for charitable donations,
please arrange to: add the FSF to the list of organizations for your
employer's matching gifts program; and have your donation matched (note *Note
Cygnus Matches Donations!::). If you do not know, please ask your personnel
department.
Circle amount you are donating, cut out this form, and send it with your
donation to:
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307
USA
$500 $250 $100 $50 Other $________
Other currency:________
You can charge a donation to any of Carte Blanche, Diner's Club, JCB,
MasterCard, Visa, or American Express. Charges may also be faxed to
+1-617-542-2652.
Card type: __________________ Expiration Date: _____________
Account Number: _____________________________________________
Cardholder's Signature: _____________________________________
Name: _______________________________________________________
Street Address: _____________________________________________
City/State/Province: ________________________________________
Zip Code/Postal Code/Country: _______________________________
Cygnus Matches Donations!
*************************
To encourage cash donations to the Free Software Foundation, Cygnus Support
will continue to contribute corporate funds to the FSF to accompany gifts by
its employees, and by its customers and their employees.
Donations payable to the Free Software Foundation should be sent by eligible
persons to Cygnus Support, which will add its gifts and forward the total to
the FSF each quarter. The FSF will provide the contributor with a receipt to
recognize the contribution (which is tax-deductible on U.S. tax returns).
For more information, please contact Cygnus:
Cygnus Support
1937 Landings Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
Telephone: 415-903-1400
+1-800-Cygnus1 (-294-6871)
Fax: 415-903-0122
Electronic-Mail: `info@cygnus.com'
FTP: `ftp.cygnus.com'
WWW: `http://www.cygnus.com/'
Free Software Redistributors Donate
***********************************
The SNOW 2.1 CD producers added the words "Includes $5 donation to the FSF"
to the front of their CD. Potential buyers will know just how much of the
price is for the FSF & how much is for the redistributor.
The Sun Users Group Deutschland & ASCII Corporation (Japan) have added
donations to the FSF to the price of their next GNU software CD-ROMs.
Austin Code Works, a free software redistributor, supports free software
development by giving the FSF 20% of the selling price for the GNU software
CDs they produce & sell.
Walnut Creek CDROM & Info Magic, free software redistributors, are also
giving us part of their selling price.
TOHDO-SHA is donating 400 yen to the FSF for each copy of `The GNU Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual, Japanese Edition' sold at bookstores in Japan.
CQ Publishing made a large donation from the sales of their GAWK book in
Japanese.
In the long run, the success of free software depends on how much new free
software people develop. Free software distribution offers an opportunity to
raise funds for such development in an ethical way. These redistributors
have made use of the opportunity. Many others let it go to waste.
You can help promote free software development by convincing for-a-fee
redistributors to contribute--either by doing development themselves or by
donating to development organizations (the FSF and others).
The way to convince distributors to contribute is to demand and expect this
of them. This means choosing among distributors partly by how much they give
to free software development. Then you can show distributors they must
compete to be the one who gives the most.
To make this work, you must insist on numbers that you can compare, such as,
"We will give ten dollars to the Foobar project for each disk sold." A vague
commitment, such as "A portion of the profits is donated," doesn't give you a
basis for comparison. Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this
disk" is not very meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated
business decisions can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts
as profit.
Also, press developers for firm information about what kind of development
they do or support. Some kinds make much more long-term difference than
others. For example, maintaining a separate version of a GNU program
contributes very little; maintaining a program on behalf of the GNU Project
contributes much. Easy new ports contribute little, since someone else would
surely do them; difficult ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU compiler
or Mach contribute more; major new features and programs contribute the most.
By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the proper
thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can assure a
steady flow of resources for making more free software.
Help from Free Software Companies
*********************************
When choosing a free software business, ask those you are considering how
much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by contributing money
to free software development or by writing free software improvements
themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially on this
factor, you can help encourage those who profit from free software to
contribute to its growth.
Wingnut (SRA's special GNU support group) regularly donates a part of its
income to the FSF to support the development of new GNU programs. Listing
them here is our way of thanking them. Wingnut has made a pledge to donate
10% of their income to the FSF, and has purchased several Deluxe Distribution
packages in Japan. Also see *Note Cygnus Matches Donations!::.
Wingnut Project
Software Research Associates, Inc.
1-1-1 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102, Japan
Phone: (+81-3)3234-2611
Fax: (+81-3)3942-5174
E-mail: `info-wingnut@sra.co.jp'
WWW: `http://www.sra.co.jp/public/sra/product/wingnut/'
Major Changes in GNU Software and Documentation
***********************************************
* A New FSF T-shirt! (*Note FSF T-shirt::)
We have a new T-shirt. This design was inspired by the cover of the
`GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual'.
* GNU Emacs 19.30 (*Note GNU Software::)
We have just released Emacs 19.30. New features include support for menu
bars on text-only terminals, a total rewrite of GNUS, multiple frames on
Windows NT and Windows 95, & many others.
* New Programs on the Tapes (*Note GNU Software::)
`gettext' is now on the *Note Languages Tape::. Termutils & Midnight
Commander have been added to the *Note Utilities Tape::. CLX has been
added to the *Note Lisps/Emacs Tape::. Newer versions of many of our
programs & manuals have been placed on all the media we distribute.
* New Source Code CD!
We have just released the December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs (Edition 7).
Due to increasing amounts of GNU Software, the Source Code CD is now a
two disc set--the price remains unchanged! The new programs included
are: apache, CLX, Elisp archive, `ffcall', `gettext', GN, Gnans,
`gnuserv', Hyperbole, Midnight Commander, Oaklisp, SIPP, SNePS, Spinner,
W3, and `xgrabsc'. *Note GNU Software::, for more information about
these packages. Also on the CD-ROMs are full distributions of MIT X11R6
(both our Required & Optional distributions), MIT Scheme 7.3, Emacs
19.30, GCC 2.7.1, and current versions of all other GNU Software. For
more information, see *Note December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs::.
* New Compiler Tools CD-ROM
We have a new edition of the Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM with updated
versions of much of its software. It contains executables of the GNU
compiler tools for some systems that don't normally come with a
compiler. This allows users of those systems to compile their own
software without having to buy a proprietary compiler.
We hope to include more systems with each update of this CD-ROM. If you
can help build binaries for new systems or have one to suggest, please
contact us at either address on page 1. For more information, see *Note
Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM::.
* New/Updated Manuals since Last Bulletin (*Note Documentation::)
We have a new manual: `The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, Japanese
Edition' - the FSF would like to thank the team of over 30 Japanese who
did the translation. These new editions include bug fixes and
additional information: `The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual', `GNU
Make', `Bison', `Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction', and `The
Termcap Manual'.
* Older FSF CD-ROMs Available at a Reduced Price
While supplies last, older versions of our CD-ROMs are available at a
reduced price. Note that the newest version has bug fixes and
improvements that the older versions do not. See the *note Free
Software Foundation Order Form::..
* GNU Software Works on MS-DOS (Also *note GNU Software::.)
GNU Emacs 19 and many other GNU programs have been ported to MS-DOS for
i386/i486/Pentium machines. We ship binaries & sources on the *Note
DJGPP Diskettes::; *Note Emacs Diskettes::; *Note Selected Utilities
Diskettes::; & the *Note Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM::. We will ship
binaries & sources on the *Note MS-DOS Book with CD-ROM::, when it is
available.
* The FSF Takes Credit Cards
We take these credit cards: Carte Blanche, Diner's Club, MasterCard, JCB,
Visa, and American Express. Please note that we are charged about 5% of
an order's total amount in credit card processing fees. Please consider
paying by check instead or adding on a 5% donation to make up the
difference.
The Deluxe Distribution
***********************
The Free Software Foundation has been asked repeatedly to create a package
that provides executables for all of our software. Normally we offer only
sources. In addition to providing binaries with the source code, the Deluxe
Distribution includes a complete set of our printed manuals and reference
cards.
The FSF Deluxe Distribution contains the binaries and sources to hundreds of
different programs including GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, the GNU Debugger,
the complete X Window System, and all the GNU utilities.
We will make a Deluxe Distribution for most machines/operating systems. We
may be able to send someone to your office to do the compilation, if we can't
find a suitable machine close to us. However, we can only compile the
programs that already support your chosen machine/system - porting is a
separate matter (to commission a port, consult the GNU Service Directory;
details in *Note Free Software Support::). Compiling all these programs
takes time; a Deluxe Distribution for an unusual machine will take longer to
produce than one for a common machine. Please contact the FSF Office with
any questions.
We supply the software in one of these tape formats in Unix `tar' format:
1600 or 6250bpi 1/2in reel, Sun DC300XLP 1/4in cartridge - QIC24, IBM RS/6000
1/4in c.t. - QIC 150, Exabyte 8mm c.t., or DAT 4mm c.t. If your computer
cannot read any of these, please contact us to see if we can handle your
format.
The manuals included are one each of the `Bison', `Calc', `GAWK', `GNU C
Compiler', `GNU C Library', `GDB', `Flex', `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference',
`Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction', `Make', `Texinfo', & `Termcap'
manuals; six copies of the `GNU Emacs' manual; and a packet of ten reference
cards each for Emacs, Bison, Calc, Flex, & GDB.
Every Deluxe Distribution also has a copy of the latest editions of our
CD-ROMs that have sources of our software & compiler tool binaries for some
systems. The MS-DOS CD is in ISO 9660 format. The other CDs are in ISO 9660
format with Rock Ridge extensions.
The price of the Deluxe Distribution is $5000 (shipping included). These
sales provide enormous financial assistance to help the FSF develop more free
software. To order, please fill out the "Deluxe Distribution" section on the
*note Free Software Foundation Order Form::. and send it to:
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307
USA
Telephone: +1-617-542-5942
Fax (including Japan): +1-617-542-2652
Electronic mail: gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
GNU Documentation
*****************
GNU is dedicated to having quality, easy-to-use online & printed
documentation. GNU manuals are intended to explain underlying concepts,
describe how to use all the features of each program, & give examples of
command use. GNU manuals are distributed as Texinfo source files, which
yield both typeset hardcopy via the TeX document formatting system and online
hypertext display via the menu-driven Info system. Source for these manuals
comes with our software; here are the manuals that we publish as printed
books. See the *note Free Software Foundation Order Form::., to order them.
Most GNU manuals are bound as soft cover books with "lay-flat" bindings.
This allows you to open them so they lie flat on a table without creasing the
binding. They have an inner cloth spine and an outer cardboard cover that
will not break or crease as an ordinary paperback will. Currently, the
`GDB', `Emacs', `Emacs Lisp Reference', `Programming in Emacs Lisp: An
Introduction', `GAWK', `Make', `Bison', & `Texinfo' manuals have this
binding. The other GNU manuals also lie flat when opened, using a GBC or
Wire-O binding. All our manuals are 7in by 9.25in except the 8.5in by 11in
`Calc' manual.
The edition number of the manual and version number of the program listed
after each manual's name were current at the time this Bulletin was published.
`Debugging with GDB' (Edition 4.12 for Version 4.14) tells how to run your
program under GNU Debugger control, examine and alter data, modify a
program's flow of control, and use GDB through GNU Emacs.
The `GNU Emacs Manual' (11th Edition for Version 19.29) describes editing with
GNU Emacs. It explains advanced features, including outline mode and regular
expression search; how to use special programming modes to write languages
like C++ and TeX; how to use the `tags' utility; how to compile and correct
code; how to make your own keybindings; and other elementary customizations.
`Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction' (Edition 1.04) is for people who
are not necessarily interested in programming, but who do want to customize
or extend their computing environment. If you read it in Emacs under Info
mode, you can run the sample programs directly.
`The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' (Edition 2.4 for Version 19.29) and
`The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference, Japanese Edition' (Japanese DRAFT Revision
1.0, from English Edition 2.4 for Version 19.29) covers this programming
language in depth, including data types, control structures, functions,
macros, syntax tables, searching/matching, modes, windows, keymaps, byte
compilation, and the operating system interface.
`The GAWK Manual' (Edition 0.16 for Version 2.16) tells how to use the GNU
implementation of `awk'. It is written for those who have never used `awk'
and describes the features of this powerful string and record manipulation
language.
The `Make Manual' (Edition 0.49 for Version 3.74) describes GNU `make', a
program used to rebuild parts of other programs. The manual tells how to
write "makefiles", which specify how a program is to be compiled and how its
files depend on each other. Included are an introductory chapter for novice
users and a section about automatically generated dependencies.
The `Flex' manual (Edition 1.03 for Version 2.3.7) teaches you to write a
lexical scanner definition for the `flex' program to create a C++ or C-coded
scanner that recognizes the patterns defined. You need no prior knowledge of
scanners.
The `Bison' manual (December 1993 Edition for Version 1.23) teaches you how
to write context-free grammars for the Bison program that convert into
C-coded parsers. You need no prior knowledge of parser generators.
`Using and Porting GNU CC' (September 1994 Edition for Version 2.6) tells how
to run, install, and port the GNU C Compiler to new systems. It lists new
features and incompatibilities of GCC, but people not familiar with C will
still need a good reference on the C programming language. It also covers
G++. We are doing limited copier runs of this manual until it becomes more
stable.
The `Texinfo' manual (Edition 2.21 for Version 3) explains the markup
language that produces our online Info documentation & typeset hardcopies.
It tells you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes, indexes, cross
references, & how to catch mistakes. This second edition describes over 50
new commands.
`The Termcap Manual' (2nd Edition for Version 1.2), often described as "twice
as much as you ever wanted to know about termcap," details the format of the
termcap database, the definitions of terminal capabilities, and the process
of interrogating a terminal description. This manual is primarily for
programmers.
The `C Library Reference Manual' (Edition 0.06 for Version 1.09) describes
the library's facilities, including both what Unix calls "library functions"
& "system calls." We are doing small copier runs of this manual until it
becomes more stable. Please send fixes to `bug-glibc-manual@prep.ai.mit.edu'.
The `Emacs Calc Manual' (Edition 2.02 for Version 2.02) is both a tutorial
and a reference manual. It tells how to do ordinary arithmetic, how to use
Calc for algebra, calculus, and other forms of mathematics, and how to extend
Calc.
GNU Software
************
All our software is available via FTP; see *Note How to Get GNU Software::.
We also offer software on various media and printed documentation:
* *Note CD-ROMs::.
* *Note Tapes::.
* *Note MS-DOS Diskettes::.
* *Note Documentation::, which includes manuals and reference cards.
In these articles describing the contents of each medium, the version number
listed after each program name was current when we published this Bulletin.
When you order a distribution tape, diskette, or newer CD-ROM, some of the
programs may be newer and therefore the version number higher. See the *note
Free Software Foundation Order Form::., for ordering information.
Some of the contents of our tape and FTP distributions are compressed. We
have software on our tapes and FTP sites to uncompress these files. Due to
patent troubles with `compress', we use another compression program, `gzip'.
(Such prohibitions on software development are fought by the League for
Programming Freedom; *note What Is the LPF::., for details.)
GNU `make' is on several of our tapes because some system vendors supply no
`make' utility at all and some native `make' programs lack the `VPATH'
feature essential for using the GNU configure system to its full extent. The
GNU `make' sources have a shell script to build `make' itself on such systems.
We welcome all bug reports and enhancements sent to the appropriate
electronic mailing list (*note Free Software Support::.).
Configuring GNU Software
------------------------
We are using, Autoconf, a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software
packages in order to compile them (see "Autoconf" below, in this article).
The goal is to have all GNU software support the same alternatives for naming
machine and system types.
Ultimately, it will be possible to configure and build the entire system all
at once, eliminating the need to configure each individual package separately.
You can also specify both the host and target system to build
cross-compilation tools. Most GNU programs now use Autoconf-generated
configure scripts.
GNU Software currently available
--------------------------------
For future programs and features, see *Note Forthcoming GNUs::.
Key to cross reference:
BinCD
December 1994 Binaries CD-ROM
DjgpD
Djgpp Diskettes
DosBC
MS-DOS Book with CD-ROM
EmcsD
Emacs Diskettes
LangT
Languages Tape
LiteT
4.4BSD-Lite Tape
LspEmcT
Lisps/Emacs Tape
SchmT
Scheme Tape
SrcCD
December 1995 Source CD-ROMs
UtilD
Selected Utilities Diskettes
UtilT
Utilities Tape
VMSCmpT
VMS Compiler Tape
VMSEmcsT
VMS Emacs Tape
WdwsD
Windows Diskette
X11OptT
X11 Optional Tape
X11ReqT
X11 Required Tape
[FSFman] shows that we sell a manual for that package. [FSFrc] shows we sell
a reference card for that package. To order them, see the *note Free
Software Foundation Order Form::.. *Note Documentation::, for more
information on the manuals. Source code for each manual or reference card is
included with each package.
* `acm' (SrcCD, UtilT)
`acm' is a LAN-oriented, multiplayer aerial combat simulation that runs
under the X Window System. Players engage in air to air combat against
one another using heat seeking missiles and cannons. We are working on
a more accurate simulation of real airplane flight characteristics.
* apache (SrcCD)
Apache is an HTTP server designed as a plug-in replacement for version
1.3 or 1.4 of the NCSA server. It fixes numerous bugs in the NCSA
server and includes many frequently requested new features, and has an
API which allows it to be extended to meet users' needs more easily.
* Autoconf (SrcCD, UtilT)
Autoconf produces shell scripts which automatically configure source code
packages. These scripts adapt the packages to many kinds of Unix-like
systems without manual user intervention. Autoconf creates a script for
a package from a template file which lists the operating system features
which the package can use, in the form of `m4' macro calls. Autoconf
requires GNU `m4' to operate, but the resulting configure scripts it
generates do not.
* BASH (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU's shell, BASH (Bourne Again SHell), is compatible with the Unix `sh'
and offers many extensions found in `csh' and `ksh'. BASH has job
control, `csh'-style command history, command-line editing (with Emacs
and `vi' modes built-in, and the ability to rebind keys) via the
`readline' library. BASH conforms to the POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard.
* `bc' (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
`bc' is an interactive algebraic language with arbitrary precision
numbers. GNU `bc' follows the POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard, with several
extensions including multi-character variable names, an `else'
statement, and full Boolean expressions. The RPN calculator `dc' is now
distributed as part of the same package, but GNU `bc' is not implemented
as a `dc' preprocessor.
* BFD (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD)
The Binary File Descriptor library allows a program which operates on
object files (e.g., `ld' or GDB) to support many different formats in a
clean way. BFD provides a portable interface, so that only BFD needs to
know the details of a particular format. One result is that all
programs using BFD will support formats such as a.out, COFF, and ELF.
BFD comes with Texinfo source for a manual (not yet published on paper).
At present, BFD is not distributed separately; it is included with
packages that use it.
* Binutils (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD; `gas' only on VMSCmpT)
Binutils includes these programs: `ar', `c++filt', `demangle', `gas',
`gprof', `ld', `nlmconv', `nm', `objcopy', `objdump', `ranlib', `size',
`strings', & `strip'.
Binutils version 2 uses the BFD library. The GNU assembler, `gas',
supports the a29k, Alpha, H8/300, H8/500, HP-PA, i386, i960, m68k, m88k,
MIPS, NS32K, SH, SPARC, Tahoe, Vax and Z8000 CPUs, and attempts to be
compatible with many other assemblers for UNIX and embedded systems. It
can produce mixed C-and-assembly listings, and includes a macro facility
similar to that in some other assemblers. GNU's linker `ld' emits
source-line numbered error messages for multiply-defined symbols and
undefined references, and interprets a superset of AT&T's Linker Command
Language, which gives control over where segments are placed in memory.
`nlmconv' converts object files into Novell NetWare Loadable Modules.
`objdump' can disassemble code for most of the CPUs listed above, and
can display other data (e.g., symbols and relocations) from any file
format read by BFD.
* Bison (BinCD,DjgpD,DosBC,LangT,SrcCD,VMSCmpT)[FSFman,FSFrc]
Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator
`yacc'. Texinfo source for the `Bison Manual' and reference card are
included. *Note Documentation::.
A recent policy change allows non-free programs to use Bison-generated
parsers. *Note Conditions for Using Bison::.
* C Library (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) [FSFman]
The GNU C library supports ANSI C-1989, POSIX 1003.1-1990 and most of the
functions in POSIX 1003.2-1992. It is upwardly compatible with 4.4BSD
and includes many System V functions, plus GNU extensions.
The C Library performs many functions of the Unix system calls in the
GNU/Hurd. Mike Haertel has written a fast `malloc' which wastes less
memory than the old GNU version. The GNU regular-expression functions
(`regex' and `rx') now nearly conform to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.
GNU `stdio' lets you define new kinds of streams, just by writing a few
C functions. The `fmemopen' function uses this to open a stream on a
string, which can grow as necessary. You can define your own `printf'
formats to use a C function you have written. For example, you can
safely use format strings from user input to implement a `printf'-like
function for another programming language. Extended `getopt' functions
are already used to parse options, including long options, in many GNU
utilities.
The C Library runs on Sun-3 (SunOS 4.1), Sun-4 (SunOS 4.1 or Solaris 2),
HP 9000/300 (4.3BSD), SONY News 800 (NewsOS 3 or 4), MIPS DECstation
(Ultrix 4), DEC Alpha (OSF/1), i386/i486/Pentium (System V, SVR4, BSD,
SCO 3.2, & SCO ODT 2.0), Sequent Symmetry i386 (Dynix 3), & SGI (Irix
4). *Note Forthcoming GNUs::. Texinfo source for the
`GNU C Library Reference Manual' is included (*note Documentation::..
* C++ Library (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD)
The GNU C++ library (libg++) contains an extensive collection of C++
"forest" classes, an IOStream library for input/output routines, and
support tools for use with G++. Supported classes include: Obstacks,
multiple-precision Integers and Rationals, Complex numbers, arbitrary
length Strings, BitSets, and BitStrings.
The distribution also includes the libstdc++ library. This implements
library facilities defined by the forthcoming ANSI/ISO C++ standard,
including a port of the Standard Template Library.
* Calc (DosBC, LspEmcT, SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
Calc (written by Dave Gillespie in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced
desk calculator & mathematical tool that runs as part of GNU Emacs. You
can use Calc just as a simple four-function calculator, but it has many
more features including: choice of algebraic or RPN (stack-based) entry;
logarithmic, trigonometric, & financial functions; arbitrary precision;
complex numbers; vectors; matrices; dates; times; infinities; sets;
algebraic simplification; differentiation & integration. It outputs to
`gnuplot', & comes with source for a manual & reference card (*note
Documentation::.).
* `cfengine' (SrcCD, UtilT)
`cfengine' is used for maintaining site-wide configuration of a
heterogeneous Unix network using a simple high level language. Its
appearance is similar to `rdist', but also allows many more operations
to be performed automatically. See Mark Burgess, "A Site Configuration
Engine", `Computing Systems', Vol. 8, No. 3 (ask `office@usenix.org' how
to get a copy).
* Chess (SrcCD, UtilT, WdwsD)
GNU Chess enables most modern computers to play a full game of chess. It
supports a plain terminal interface, a curses interface, and a spiffy X
Window interface via `xboard'.
Improvements this past year include fixes to the game analyzer, book, &
hash table; smartening up draw and mate; improved thinking on opponent's
time; Autoconf installation; a makefile for Windows NT compilation;
forward pruning; unlimited quiescence captures; improved evaluation;
improved null & time control logic; & repetition-detection.
GNU Chess was originated by Stuart Cracraft. Improvements & rewrites are
from John Stanback, Cha Kong Sian, Mike McGann, and many others.
Send bugs to `bug-gnu-chess@prep.ai.mit.edu' & general comments to
`info-gnu-chess@prep.ai.mit.edu'.
* CLISP (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
CLISP is a Common Lisp implementation by Bruno Haible and Michael Stoll.
It mostly supports the Lisp described by `Common LISP: The Language (2nd
edition)' and the ANSI Common Lisp standard. CLISP includes an
interpreter, a byte-compiler, a large subset of CLOS, a foreign language
interface, and, for some machines, a screen editor. The user interface
language (English, German, French) is choosable at run time. Major
packages that run in CLISP include CLX & Garnet. CLISP needs only 2 MB
of memory & runs on many microcomputers (including MS-DOS systems, OS/2,
Windows NT, Amiga 500-4000, Acorn RISC PC) & Unix-like systems
(GNU/Linux, Sun4, SVR4, SGI, HP-UX, DEC Alpha, NeXTStep, & others).
* Common Lisp **Note Forthcoming GNUs::* (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
GNU Common Lisp (GCL, formerly known as Kyoto Common Lisp) is a compiler
& interpreter for Common Lisp. GCL is very portable & extremely
efficient on a wide class of applications, & compares favorably in
performance with commercial Lisps on several large theorem-prover &
symbolic algebra systems. GCL supports the CLtL1 specification but is
moving towards the proposed ANSI standard.
GCL compiles to C & then uses the native optimizing C compiler (e.g.,
GCC). A function with a fixed number of args & one value turns into a C
function of the same number of args, returning one value--so GCL is
maximally efficient on such calls. Its conservative garbage collector
gives great freedom to the C compiler to put Lisp values in registers.
It has a source level Lisp debugger for interpreted code & displays
source code in an Emacs window. Its profiler (based on the C profiling
tools) counts function calls & the time spent in each function.
There is now a built-in interface to the Tk widget system. It runs in a
separate process, so users may monitor progress on Lisp computations or
interact with running computations via a windowing interface.
There is also an Xlib interface via C (xgcl-2). CLX runs with GCL, as
does PCL (see "PCL" later in this article). *Note Forthcoming GNUs::,
for plans regarding GCL or for recent developments.
GCL version 2.2 is released under the GNU Library General Public License.
* CLX (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
CLX is an X Window interface library for GCL.
* `cpio' (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)
`cpio' is an archive program with all the features of SVR4 `cpio',
including support for the final POSIX 1003.1 `ustar' standard. `mt', a
program to position magnetic tapes, is included with `cpio'.
* CVS (SrcCD, UtilT)
CVS, the Concurrent Version System, manages software revision & release
control at a multi-developer, multi-directory, multi-group site. It
works best with RCS versions 4 and above, but will parse older RCS
formats, losing some of CVS's fancier features. (See Berliner, Brian,
"CVS-II: Parallelizing Software Development," `Proceedings of the Winter
1990 USENIX Association Conference'; ask `office@usenix.org' how to get
a copy.)
* DejaGnu (LangT, SrcCD)
DejaGnu is a framework to test programs with a single front end for all
tests. The framework's flexibility & consistency makes it easy to write
tests.
DejaGnu comes with `expect', which runs scripts to conduct dialogs with
programs.
* Diffutils (DjgpD, DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU `diff' compares files showing line-by-line changes in several
flexible formats. It is much faster than traditional Unix versions. The
Diffutils package contains `diff', `diff3', `sdiff', & `cmp'. Recent
improvements include more consistent handling of character sets and a
new `diff' option to do all input/output in binary; this is useful on
some non-POSIX hosts. Plans for the Diffutils package include support
for internationalization (e.g., error messages in Chinese) and for some
non-Unix PC environments.
* DJGPP (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC)
DJ Delorie has ported GCC/G++ (see "GCC" in this article) to i386s
running MS-DOS. DJGPP has a 32-bit i386 DOS extender with a symbolic
debugger; development libraries; & ports of Bison, `flex', & Binutils.
Full source code is provided. It needs at least 5MB of hard disk space
to install & 512K of RAM to use. It supports SVGA (up to 1024x768), XMS
& VDISK memory allocation, `himem.sys', VCPI (e.g., QEMM, DESQview, &
386MAX), & DPMI (e.g., Windows 3.x, OS/2, QEMM, & QDPMI).
The FSF offers it on the *Note Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM::, and on
the *Note DJGPP Diskettes::. FTP from `oak.oakland.edu' in
`/simtel/vendors/djgpp/' (or another SimTel mirror site).
To join a DJGPP users mailing list, ask
`djgpp-request@sun.soe.clarkson.edu'.
* `dld' (LangT, SrcCD)
`dld' is a dynamic linker written by W. Wilson Ho. Linking your program
with the `dld' library allows you to dynamically load object files into
the running binary. Currently supported are VAX (Ultrix), Sun 3 (SunOS
3.4 & 4.0), SPARC (SunOS 4.0), Sequent Symmetry (Dynix), & Atari ST.
* `doschk' (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
This program is a utility to help software developers ensure that their
source file names are distinguishable on System V platforms with
14-character filenames and on MS-DOS systems with 8+3 character
filenames.
* `ecc' (LangT, SrcCD)
`ecc' is a Reed-Solomon error correction checking program, which can
correct three byte errors in a block of 255 bytes and detect more severe
errors. Contact `paulf@stanford.edu' for more information.
* `ed' (SrcCD, UtilT)
`ed' is the standard text editor. It is line-oriented and can be used
interactively or in scripts.
* Elib (DosBC, LspEmcT, SrcCD)
Elib is a small library of Emacs Lisp functions, including routines for
using AVL trees and doubly-linked lists.
* Elisp archive (SrcCD)
This is a snapshot of Ohio State's GNU Emacs Lisp FTP Archive. FTP it
from `archive.cis.ohio-state.edu' in `/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive'.
* Emacs **Note Forthcoming GNUs:: for future plans.*
In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs, an extensible,
customizable real-time display editor & computing environment. GNU Emacs
is his second implementation. It offers true Lisp--smoothly integrated
into the editor--for writing extensions & provides an interface to the X
Window System. It runs on Unix, MS-DOS, & Windows NT. In addition to
its powerful native command set, Emacs has extensions which emulate the
editors vi & EDT (Digital's VMS editor). Emacs has many other features
which make it a full computing support environment. Source for the `GNU
Emacs Manual' & a reference card comes with the software. Sources for
the `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual' & `Programming in Emacs Lisp: An
Introduction' are distributed in separate packages. *Note
Documentation::.
* Emacs 18 (LspEmcT, SrcCD, VMSEmcsT) [FSFrc]
Emacs 18.59 is the last release of version 18 from the FSF. We no longer
maintain it. It supports these Unix systems that Emacs 19 doesn't
support (please help port Emacs 19 to these systems): Alliant FX/80,
Altos 3068, Amdahl (UTS), AT&T (3Bs & 7300 PC), CCI 5/32 & 6/32,
Celerity, Digital (VAX VMS), Dual, Encore (APC, DPC, & XPC), HLH Orion
(original & 1/05), ISI (Optimum V, 80386), Masscomp, NCR Tower 32 (SVR2
& SVR3), Nixdorf Targon 31, Nu (TI & LMI), pfa50, Plexus, Prime EXL,
Stride (system rel. 2), Tahoe, Tandem Integrity S2, Tektronix 16000,
Triton 88, Ustation E30 (SS5E), Whitechapel (MG1), & Wicat.
* Emacs 19 (DosBC, EmcsD, LspEmcT, SrcCD) [FSFman(s), FSFrc]
Emacs 19 works with character-only terminals & with the X Window System
(with or without an X toolkit). New features in Emacs 19 include:
multiple X windows ("frames" to Emacs), with a separate X window for the
minibuffer or a minibuffer attached to each X window; property lists
associated with regions of text in a buffer; multiple fonts & colors
defined by those properties; simplified/improved processing of function
keys, mouse clicks, and mouse movement; X selection processing,
including clipboard selections; hooks to be run if the point or mouse
moves outside a certain range; menu bars and popup menus defined by
keymaps; scrollbars; before- and after-change hooks; a source-level
debugger for Emacs Lisp programs; floating point numbers; improved
buffer allocation, including returning storage to the system when a
buffer is killed; interfacing with the X resource manager; many updated
libraries; integrated support for version control systems (RCS, CVS, &
SCCS); Autoconf based configuration; and support for European character
sets.
Recent features include the ability to open frames on more than one X
display from a single Emacs job, operation on MS-DOS, MS Windows, and
Windows NT, displaying multiple views of an outline at the same time,
support for the Athena & Motif widgets, version control support for CVS
and for multiple branches, text properties for formatting text, commands
to edit text properties and save them in files, and GNU-standard
long-named command line options.
Emacs 19.30 works on: Acorn RISC (RISCiX); Alliant FX/2800 (BSD); Alpha
(OSF/1); Apollo (DomainOS); Bull DPX/2 2nn & 3nn (SysV.3) & sps7
(SysV.2); Clipper; Convex (BSD); Cubix QBx (SysV); Data General Aviion
(DGUX); DEC MIPS (Ultrix 4.2, OSF/1, not VMS); Elxsi 6400 (SysV); Gould
Power Node & NP1 (4.2 & 4.3BSD); Harris Night Hawk 1200, 3000, 4000 &
5000 (cxux); Honeywell XPS100 (SysV); HP 9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800
(but not 500) (4.3BSD; HP-UX 7, 8, 9); Intel i386/i486/Pentium
(GNU/Linux, 386BSD, AIX, BSDI/386, FreeBSD, Esix, ISC, MS-DOS (*note
MS-DOS Diskettes::., & *Note MS-DOS Book with CD-ROM::), NetBSD,
SCO3.2v4, Solaris, SysV, Xenix, WindowsNT); IBM RS/6000 (AIX 3.2) &
RT/PC (AIX, BSD); Motorola Delta 147 & 187 (SysV.3, SysV.4, m88kbcs);
National Semiconductor 32K (Genix); NeXT (BSD, Mach 2 w/ NeXTStep 3.0);
Paragon (OSF/1); Prime EXL (SysV); Pyramid (BSD); Sequent Symmetry (BSD,
ptx); Siemens RM400 & RM600 (SysV); SGI Iris 4D (Irix 4.x & 5.x); Sony
News/RISC (NewsOS); Stardent i860 (SysV); Sun 3 & 4, SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10,
Classic (SunOS 4.0, 4.1, Solaris 2.0-2.3); Tadpole 68k (SysV); Tektronix
XD88 (SysV.3) & 4300 (BSD); & Titan P2 & P3 (SysV).
Other configurations supported by Emacs 18 should work with few changes
in Emacs 19; as users tell us more about their experiences with different
systems, we will augment the list. Also see *Note Forthcoming GNUs::.
* `es' (SrcCD, UtilT)
`es' is an extensible shell (based on `rc') with first class functions,
lexical scope, exceptions and rich return values (i.e., functions can
return values other than just numbers). `es''s extensibility comes from
the ability to modify and extend the shell's built-in services, such as
path searching and redirection. Like `rc', it is great for both
interactive use and scripting, particularly since its quoting rules are
much less baroque than the C and Bourne shells.
* `f2c' (LangT, SrcCD)
`f2c' converts Fortran-77 source into C or C++, which can be compiled
with GCC or G++. Get bug fixes by FTP from site `netlib.att.com' or by
email from `netlib@research.att.com'. See the file
`/netlib/f2c/readme.Z' for a summary. Also see the GNU Fortran item
later in this article, and in *Note Forthcoming GNUs::.
* `ffcall' (SrcCD)
`ffcall' is a C library for implementing foreign function calls in
embedded interpreters by Bill Triggs and Bruno Haible. It allows C
functions with arbitrary argument lists and return types to be called or
emulated (callbacks).
* Fileutils (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
The Fileutils work on files: `chgrp', `chmod', `chown', `cp', `dd', `df',
`dir', `du', `install', `ln', `ls', `mkdir', `mkfifo', `mknod', `mv',
`rm', `rmdir', `sync', `touch', & `vdir'.
* Findutils (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
`find' is frequently used both interactively and in shell scripts to
find files which match certain criteria and perform arbitrary operations
on them. Also included are `locate', which scans a database for file
names that match a pattern, and `xargs', which applies a command to a
list of files.
* Finger (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU Finger has more features than other finger programs. For sites with
many hosts, a single host may be designated as the finger "server" host
and other hosts at that site configured as finger "clients". The server
host collects information about who is logged in on the clients. To
finger a user at a GNU Finger site, a query to any of its client hosts
gets useful information. GNU Finger supports many customization
features, including user output filters and site programmable output for
special target names.
* `flex' (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD, UtilD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
`flex' is a replacement for the `lex' scanner generator. `flex' was
written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and generates
far more efficient scanners than `lex' does. Sources for the `Flex
Manual' and reference card are included (*note Documentation::.).
* Fortran (`g77') **Note Forthcoming GNUs::* (LangT, SrcCD)
GNU Fortran (`g77'), developed by Craig Burley, is available for public
beta testing on the Internet. For now, `g77' produces code that is
mostly object-compatible with `f2c' & uses the same run-time library
(`libf2c').
* Fontutils (SrcCD, UtilT)
The Fontutils convert between font formats, create fonts for use with
Ghostscript or TeX (starting with a scanned type image & converting the
bitmaps to outlines), et al. It includes: `bpltobzr', `bzrto',
`charspace', `fontconvert', `gsrenderfont', `imageto', `imgrotate',
`limn', & `xbfe'.
* GAWK (DosBC, LangT, SrcCD) [FSFman]
GAWK is upwardly compatible with the latest POSIX specification of
`awk'. It also provides several useful extensions not found in other
`awk' implementations. Texinfo source for the `GAWK Manual' comes with
the software (*note Documentation::.).
* GCC (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD, VMSCmpT) [FSFman]
Version 2 of the GNU C Compiler supports the languages C, C++, and
Objective-C; the source file name suffix or a compiler option selects
the language. Objective-C support was donated by NeXT. The runtime
support needed to run Objective-C programs is now distributed with GCC
(this does not include any Objective-C classes aside from `object', but
see "GNUStep" in *Note Forthcoming GNUs::). As much as possible, G++ is
kept compatible with the evolving draft ANSI standard, but not with
`cfront' (AT&T's compiler), which has been diverging from ANSI.
The GNU C Compiler is a fairly portable optimizing compiler which
performs automatic register allocation, common sub-expression
elimination, invariant code motion from loops, induction variable
optimizations, constant propagation and copy propagation, delayed
popping of function call arguments, tail recursion elimination,
integration of inline functions and frame pointer elimination,
instruction scheduling, loop unrolling, filling of delay slots, leaf
function optimization, optimized multiplication by constants, a certain
amount of common subexpression elimination (CSE) between basic blocks
(though not all of the supported machine descriptions provide for
scheduling or delay slots), a feature for assigning attributes to
instructions, and many local optimizations that are automatically
deduced from the machine description.
GCC can open-code most arithmetic on 64-bit values (type `long long
int'). It supports extended floating point (type `long double') on the
68k; other machines will follow.
GCC supports full ANSI C, traditional C, & GNU C extensions (including:
nested functions support, nonlocal gotos, & taking the address of a
label).
GCC can generate a.out, COFF, ELF, & OSF-Rose files when used with a
suitable assembler. It can produce debugging information in these
formats: BSD stabs, COFF, ECOFF, ECOFF with stabs, & DWARF.
GCC generates code for many CPUs, including the a29k, Alpha ARM AT&T
DSP1610 Clipper Convex cN Elxsi Fujitsu Gmicro i370, i860, i960,
MIL-STD-1750a, MIPS, ns32k, PDP-11, Pyramid, ROMP, RS/6000, SH, SPUR,
Tahoe, VAX, & we32k. Position-independent code is generated for the
Clipper, Hitachi H8/300, HP-PA (1.0 & 1.1), i386/i486/Pentium, m68k,
m88k, SPARC, & SPARClite.
Operating systems supported include: GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux, ACIS, AIX, AOS,
BSD, Clix, Concentrix, Ctix, DG/UX, Dynix, FreeBSD, Genix, HP-UX, Irix,
ISC, Luna, LynxOS, Minix, NetBSD, NewsOS, NeXTStep, OS/2, OSF, OSF-Rose,
RISCOS, SCO, Solaris 2, SunOS 4, System/370, SysV, Ultrix, Unos, VMS, &
Windows/NT.
Using the configuration scheme for GCC, building a cross-compiler is as
easy as building a native compiler.
Version 1 of GCC, G++, & libg++ are no longer maintained.
Texinfo source for the `Using and Porting GNU CC' manual, is included
with GCC (*note Documentation::.).
*Note Forthcoming GNUs::, for plans for later releases of GCC.
* GDB (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
GDB, the GNU DeB
